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Emotional intelligence (EI) or emotional quotient (EQ) is the ability of individuals to recognize their own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different feelings and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior. The term gained prominence in the 1995 book by that title, written by the author, psychologist, and science journalist Daniel Goleman. There are several models of EI. Goleman's own model may now be considered a ''mixed model'' that combines what have subsequently been modelled separately as ''ability EI'' and ''trait EI''. Goleman defined EI as the array of skills and characteristics that drive leadership performance. The ''trait model'' was developed by Konstantin Vasily Petrides in 2001. It "encompasses behavioral dispositions and self perceived abilities and is measured through self report". The ''ability model'', developed by Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 2004, focuses on the individual's ability to process emotional information and use it to navigate the social environment. Studies have shown that people with high EI have greater mental health, exemplary job performance, and more potent leadership skills. For example, Goleman’s research in his book, ''Working with Emotional Intelligence'', indicated that EI accounted for 67% of the abilities deemed necessary for superior performance in leaders, and mattered twice as much as technical expertise or IQ.〔Goleman, D. (1998). Working With Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY. Bantum Books.〕 Other research finds that the effect of EI on leadership and managerial performance is non-significant when ability and personality are controlled for, and that general intelligence correlates very closely with leadership. Markers of EI and methods of developing it have become more widely coveted in the past few decades. In addition, studies have begun to provide evidence to help characterize the neural mechanisms of emotional intelligence. Criticisms have centered on whether EI is a real intelligence and whether it has incremental validity over IQ and the Big Five personality traits. Review finds that, in most studies, poor research methodology has exaggerated the significance of EI. == History == The term "emotional intelligence" seems first to have appeared in a 1964 paper by Michael Beldoch,〔Beldoch, M. (1964), Sensitivity to expression of emotional meaning in three modes of communication, in J. R. Davitz et al., The Communication of Emotional Meaning, McGraw-Hill, pp. 31-42〕〔("Contributions to social interactions: Social Encounters" ) Editor: Michael Argyle, reprint online on Google Books〕 and in the 1966 paper by B. Leuner entitled ''Emotional intelligence and emancipation'' which appeared in the psychotherapeutic journal: ''Practice of child psychology and child psychiatry''. First use of the term "emotional intelligence" has been attributed to Wayne Payne's doctoral thesis, ''A Study of Emotion: Developing Emotional Intelligence'' from 1985.〔Payne, W.L. (1983/1986). A study of emotion: developing emotional intelligence; self integration; relating to fear, pain and desire. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, p. 203A (University microfilms No. AAC 8605928)〕 In 1983, Howard Gardner's ''Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences''〔Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind. New York: Basic Books.〕 introduced the idea that traditional types of intelligence, such as IQ, fail to fully explain cognitive ability. He introduced the idea of multiple intelligences which included both ''interpersonal intelligence'' (the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people) and ''intrapersonal intelligence'' (the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations).〔Smith, M.K. (2002) "Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences", ''The Encyclopedia of Informal Education'', downloaded from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm on October 31, 2005.〕 The first published use of the term 'EQ' (Emotional Quotient) seems to have been by Keith Beasley in a 1987 article that appeared in the British Mensa magazine.〔Beasley, K. (1987). The Emotional Quotient. ''Mensa'', May 1987, p25.〕 In 1989 Stanley Greenspan put forward a model to describe EI, followed by another by Peter Salovey and John Mayer published in the same year. However, the term became widely known with the publication of Goleman's book: ''Emotional Intelligence - Why it can matter more than IQ''〔Goleman, D., (1995) Emotional Intelligence, New York, NY, England: Bantam Books, Inc.〕 (1995). It is to this book's best-selling status that the term can attribute its popularity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dan Goleman )〕 Goleman has followed up with several further popular publications of a similar theme that reinforce use of the term.〔Goleman, D. (1998), Working with Emotional Intelligence〕〔Goleman, D. (2006), Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships〕〔Lantieri, L. and Goleman, D. (2008), Building Emotional Intelligence: Techniques to Cultivate Inner Strength in Children〕〔Goleman, D. (2011), The Brain and Emotional Intelligence: New Insights〕〔Goleman, D. (2011), Leadership: The Power of Emotional Intelligence〕 To date, tests measuring EI have not replaced IQ tests as a standard metric of intelligence. Emotional Intelligence has also received criticism on its role in leadership and business success. The distinction between trait emotional intelligence and ability emotional intelligence was introduced in 2000. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「emotional intelligence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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